The Era Of World War I Essay - 1256 Words

When Cubism reached its glorious grasp around 1907–1914, the World was in a wild place. With the Ottoman Empire losing power; European influences were becoming avaricious for more, eventually leading to the start of World War I. On the other side of the world we had America rising as a global supremacy, creating its way to a worldly control. Because of these chaotic matters, society was shifting towards a new direction. The Art World with its artists and writers also responded to this conversion as well. The destruction and cruelty of War altered the lives of several European artists, brought an end to several art movements, and gave light to other movements and brought them to importance. Obviously the artists effected by the war had their work influenced by it but the early decades of the twentieth century gave birth to groundbreaking movements and styles, out of which Cubism (1908-12) was the most rational of all the Avant- Grade movements. It excluded the idea of linear pe rspective in favor of grander prominence on the two dimensional picture plane, scandalizing the arts academics of Europe along the visitors of Parisian Salon des Independants and the New York Armory Show (1913) in the process With the invention of Photography, and it becoming widespread, the artists felt that they were being replaced by this creation because artists, after all, were intended to create paintings/sculptures that were realistic. The camera could do that in mere seconds and perfectly.Show MoreRelatedThe Progressive Era Of World War I2283 Words   |  10 PagesThe Progressive Era began in 1890 and came to a close around the end of World War I in 1919. As the name suggests, it was an era of modernization and change for Americans. â€Å"America was growing, expanding, booming, and providing opportunities to join forces with industrialism and commerce and to grow along with the country† (Anderson, David 6). However, the rapid speed of population growth in cities magnified problems of poverty, disease, violence, and corruption. With an increase in jobs, competitionRead MoreWorld War I And The Era Of The Twentieth Century Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pagesnationalism. Italian nationalism beca me apparent in World War I and the era of Italian fascism. Growing nationalism in China was used to modernize imperialist encroachment. Imperial Japan saw a spark of nationalism during their westernization period. Arab Nationalism became the basis for alienation and loss of national identity for many  indigenous  Jews and other minorities  of Arab countries. As you can see, nationalism impacted every area of the world. The essence of nationalism is a unifying, all-persuasiveRead MoreThe World War I : An Era Of Social Unrest1114 Words   |  5 Pages From 1890 to World War I, U.S experienced an era of social unrest, racial concerns, and questioning of true democracy. Many of these problems arise from the economic problems faced by growing American middle class. Because economy and politics are close linked, political parties and party platforms were inevitability affected by these changes in social patterns. A new political party, populists’ party, gained w idespread acknowledgement from Americans while democrats and republicansRead MoreWorld War I: Military Revolutions and the Onset of a New Era828 Words   |  3 Pagesindecisive character of World War I? World War One: Military Revolutions and the Onset of a New Era World War I was the beginning of the idea of industrial war, involving the productive power of entire nations, and despite massive casualties and cost, neither alliance could achieve decisive operational or strategic victory. The onset of the industrial revolution in the 19th century, as well as the increasing stakes of the colonial contest in the world contributed to the onset of war. More importantlyRead MoreThe Beginning Of World War I And Commencement Of A Tumultuous Era For Politics, Society And Art2149 Words   |  9 PagesThe year of 1914 marked the beginning of World War I and the commencement of a tumultuous era for politics, society and art. Amongst the considerable number of people negatively affected by the dreadfulness of the war, many of them found different ways of expressing their repugnance towards the horrific routes that humanity had taken. The Dada movement in particular began not only as a reaction against the war but also as a commentary on the social circumsta nces that lead to it. This essay reflectsRead MoreThe Museum Is A Great Education Tool Of World War I944 Words   |  4 Pageshonor’s class to the National World War 1 Museum and Memorial at Kansas City, I gained a valuable knowledge about the World War 1. The overall message that the museum convey about the Great War was to remember and appreciate the soldiers, men and women who served in World War 1. There was so many visual images all around the Museum that gave a better mind picture of how it was during the war. For example, the scenes of life size trenches and crater, pictures during the war, different types of clothingRead MoreThe 1848 Revolution, The Second Reich, And The First War933 Words   |  4 PagesSecond Reich, and the First War Many historians believe that due to the Wilhelmine Era and the expansion of the German nation, led to the outbreak of World War One. During the Bismarck era, Bismarck s main goal was to keep France isolated and stay in good relations with Austria and Russia so that it would prevent a war. Although Bismarck s foreign policy was creating cooperation, it did not last very long. The spark of World War one came from the Wilhelmine era, which turned away from everythingRead MoreThe End Of The 20th Century1544 Words   |  7 PagesHistory since the end of the Civil War to the end of the 20th century has changed drastically when you asses America on an economic, social, and political level. The changes between the end of the 19th century and the end of the 20th century are the cause in the way America has been shaped and how American’s think. In fact, industrialization and urbanization, equal rights for all citizens, and two world wars played a major role in the shape of America to o ur understanding. Although, there are numerousRead MoreThe Army War College1702 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In the Winter 1995-96 issue of Parameters, the US Army War College Quarterly, Major General (MG) Richard A. Chilcoat, the 43rd Commandant of the Army War College, published an article describing a new period of development in the college’s illustrious history. He named this era the â€Å"Fourth† Army War College (USAWC) that would best prepare strategic leaders for the early 21st century by largely using the power of the microprocessor and other Information Age technologies. An updatedRead MoreWorld War I and the Progressive Movement822 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"World War I and the progressive movement† Through the course of American history, many great wars and battles have been fought but none have left a greater impact than World War I. World war I was known as the Great War, although America’s initial plan of action was to bring global peace. The tables unfortunately turned on them. The treaty of Versailles which was meant to be a conclusion to the madness, lead to an even greater bloodshed. The Great War span from 1914-1919, within this

Brave New World Essay Research Paper Brave free essay sample

Brave New World Essay, Research Paper Brave New World is a authoritative novel by Aldous Huxley that Tells of a anticipation for the hereafter. The events that occur throughout the narrative are rather scaring if one thinks that this could really happen. From the clip this book was written up until present twenty-four hours, some of the things Huxley predicted have happened. One thing widely discussed in courageous New universe is soma. Soma, in the novel is a drug that people are on invariably. This drug can be compared to alcohol, in a pill signifier and there are no after effects with haoma such as concerns and purging. So many people utilizing are utilizing drugs in today s society for many different grounds. This merely goes to demo a similarity between today s people, and the people in Brave New World. The difference in the usage of these two drugs is that today, in the United States the usage of drugs other than for medicative intents, is illegal. We will write a custom essay sample on Brave New World Essay Research Paper Brave or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Geting high is purely prohibited in our state. In the Brave New World community, the usage of haoma is extremely recommended and legal every bit good. Whether the drugs are legal or non makes any difference as to people utilizing it. In two universes, drug usage is widely used. Human gender is a major subject treatment in Brave New World. Huxley describes a society where everyone belongs to everyone intending this in a sexual mode. In the novel, monogamousness is a out word, and merely it does non be. Peoples do non acquire to cognize each other barely at all before they give themselves off and kip together. The word female parent is blasphemous, and barely of all time used. Today, people are more loath to kip together after a first day of the month taking into consideration gestation and sexual familial diseases. However, there is a similarity in this if you look at it from another point of position. Prostitution although illegal is exercised in the United States. Even though the ethical motives are two wholly different things between everyone belonging to everyone, and monogamousness, people in both universes bend the regulations and steal off from what they are supposed to make. For case, Lenina, in Brave New World enjoys passing a longer clip with a adult male than one dark. Besides, work forces and adult females today who are married and committed to each other travel off and kip with others. In Brave New World, Huxley shows segregation among societal categories. There were five chief categories discussed in the fresh these were alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon. Each group had a different intent in the universe and its productiveness. These categories were conditioned to act in certain ways and to hold certain features. Alpha was the highest category and had the most privileges, and epsilons were at the underside of the societal ladder keep backing the meaningless occupations, such as an lift operator or a place similar to that one. Segregation has been practiced widely in the past old ages, and still is subtly today in the United States. Organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan looked down upon the Negro race, killing and suppressing these people for no ground other than the colour of their tegument. Judaic people, Indian people, every bit good as many other races and faiths have besides been persecuted against for things they can non assist or their ain personal pen chant. This pattern of bias can be seen in Brave New World every bit good as in today s society. Although today s society has non even come near to the extremes of Brave New World, it seems every bit though as clip goes by it merely comes closer and closer.

Mr. Know All free essay sample

Mr. K seems to be a fake person but finally he saves the ladys life and marriage. Its not always good to judge a book by its cover. A Road Not Take: How people in the world make decisions. Hots: * Inference. Interpreting the sigh (somewhere ages and ages hence) was he happy or not? It wasnt that he wasn’t happy with his choice. Its only he wanted to be able to walk through both paths. Once youve taken a single path you change your life forever. You cant jump into the same river twice. You’re a different person, both you and the river change. Even if you do go back, youre not the same person anymore. One path leads you to another. * Explaining a pattern. * Problem solving. How does he choose? How does he weigh the pros and cons? He uses this skill to compare and contrasts, he tries to see which ones better which one was used more, in the end he just takes the one that wanted wear, the one that more people have walked on and thats way we cant be sure whether or not his choice was correct. We will write a custom essay sample on Mr. Know All or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He tried to see where the roads bend. (I kept the other to another day though we know he cant bring back time) maybe hes choosing between good and good. Literary terms: * Symbolism. The path, time and day, yellow woods – either dawn (new beginning) or the seasons (fall) – a time of change. Metamorphosis. * Theme. What was he trying to tell us? Was he happy?. Its one of hope and one of regret. Its up to interpretation. Theres both regret and comfort. (The more correct – hes not sorry about what he took but hes sorry about the human feeling of having to have both and being forced to choose one. ) He has a dilemma and he has to make a decision. As I grew older: On the one hand Langston Hughes could be just a regular person who has dreams, and as he grows older his dreams are obliterated by a big wall causing a shadow and either he decide to break through it and achieve his goals. However, we know he was African American and the fact of him being black, made him who he is. By knowing how he feels about racism and discrimination, we understand the poem better. When hes a kid he doesnt understand hes being put within a society in which he can succeed. But as hes growing older he understands he cant achieve what he wants to achieve with the current reality. When he becomes an adult he understand how limited he is. He lays there in the shadow looking at the wall. Then, he look at his dark black hand (negative connotation) on the other hand, these black hands are the ones that smash the wall into thousands of pieces of light. Hes his own master, he has the power. If he wants to do it he and only he can change is fate. HOTS: * Distinguishing different prospective – his perspective towards life change throughout the poem. (Kid – Insight – Wont accept his fate). * Cause Effect – he basically has to cause the effect. Hes the person (the simple man) who can take charge. Hes the only one who can change his fate and cause the effect. If there wasn’t a cause and he fact hed just stay there lying looking at the wall grow older and older. He believes the discrimination is wrong but its not enough to talk and the action that he takes violently by smashing the wall and shattering the darkness might change his fate and then hell be able to achieve his dreams. Literary terms: * Symbols: mood, hand, theme, racism, discrimination. Read the poems and story and read all the questions. Read all the summaries. As I grew older – the question we answered on the board. How its being checked – 80% content,20% grammar.

Free Essays on Scary Facts, Critical Thinking Class

Scary Presidential Facts Do you ever get those emails that have those weird facts in them and you just wonder how can this be true? Well, I was checking my email one day and sure enough I got one of those emails. It sounded like it was true, I mean I am not a history buff so I could not be totally sure, but there was only one way to find out, research it. This crazy email that I received was stating that every president that gets elected in a year that ends in a zero dies in office or has survived an assassination attempt. Now that sounds a bit crazy. This especially got my attention because; George W. Bush was elected in 2000. I wanted to see if this was true, to see what the future had in store for Mr. Bush. Sure enough it was true. William Henry Harrison, elected in 1840, died in office from pneumonia. Abraham Lincoln elected in 1860, assassinated while in office. James A. Garfield, elected in 1880, assassinated while in office. William McKinley, elected in 1900, assassinated while in office. Warren G. Harding, elected in 1920, died in office from a heart attack. Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected in 1940, died in office from cerebral hemorrhage. John F. Kennedy, elected in 1960, assassinated while in office. The next president is the only lucky one out of the bunch, but he still had a close call. Ronald Reagan, elected in 1980, survived an assassination attempt. Now, if you just remembered that Mr. Bush was elected in 2000, you are right, so we will see if this is a curse for presidents elected in a year that ends in a zero. The next part of the email really freaked me out, and I’m positive it will do the same to you. Here we go: Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846. John F. Kennedy was elected into Congress in 1946. Both of these statements are indeed true. Both of these presidents were elected into congress 100 years apart. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860. John F. Kennedy was ... Free Essays on Scary Facts, Critical Thinking Class Free Essays on Scary Facts, Critical Thinking Class Scary Presidential Facts Do you ever get those emails that have those weird facts in them and you just wonder how can this be true? Well, I was checking my email one day and sure enough I got one of those emails. It sounded like it was true, I mean I am not a history buff so I could not be totally sure, but there was only one way to find out, research it. This crazy email that I received was stating that every president that gets elected in a year that ends in a zero dies in office or has survived an assassination attempt. Now that sounds a bit crazy. This especially got my attention because; George W. Bush was elected in 2000. I wanted to see if this was true, to see what the future had in store for Mr. Bush. Sure enough it was true. William Henry Harrison, elected in 1840, died in office from pneumonia. Abraham Lincoln elected in 1860, assassinated while in office. James A. Garfield, elected in 1880, assassinated while in office. William McKinley, elected in 1900, assassinated while in office. Warren G. Harding, elected in 1920, died in office from a heart attack. Franklin D. Roosevelt, elected in 1940, died in office from cerebral hemorrhage. John F. Kennedy, elected in 1960, assassinated while in office. The next president is the only lucky one out of the bunch, but he still had a close call. Ronald Reagan, elected in 1980, survived an assassination attempt. Now, if you just remembered that Mr. Bush was elected in 2000, you are right, so we will see if this is a curse for presidents elected in a year that ends in a zero. The next part of the email really freaked me out, and I’m positive it will do the same to you. Here we go: Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846. John F. Kennedy was elected into Congress in 1946. Both of these statements are indeed true. Both of these presidents were elected into congress 100 years apart. Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860. John F. Kennedy was ...

Love between Fathers and children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love between Fathers and children - Essay Example The first similarity is that the two poems have the dad as the main subject. In â€Å"Those Winter Sundays†, the poet states that â€Å"Sundays too My Father got up early/ and put his clothes on in the blueback cold† (1, 2). This line introduces the theme of the poem. In the entire poem, the poet continues to depict the figure and their role in the family setting. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† was the poet also introduces the father figure, â€Å"†¦the whisky on your breath/could make a small boy dizzy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1, 2). In this line, the narrator describes the habitual trait of their father. The same is emulated across the entire poem. The second similarity is that the two poems also depict the responsibility of the father in the family. In â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† the poet asserts that, â€Å"we romped until the pans/ slid from the kitchen shelf† (4, 5). This line introduced the role of the dad depicted in the poem. In addition, the poem also displayed an exceptional responsibility of the father in the poem. In the poem â€Å"Those Winter Sundays† the poet states that, â€Å"who had driven out the cold/and polished my good shoes as well† (11, 12). This line depicts the father’s responsibility in the family setting. In addition, the narrator appreciates and recognizes the efforts of their father. The major difference in the two poems is that the perception of the father figure is represented differently. In â€Å"My Papa’s, Waltz† the narrator is appreciative of the role of the father. The narrator states that, â€Å"†¦then waltzed me off to bed/ still clinging to your shirt†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (15, 16). The narrator appreciated the efforts put by their father to make their night confortable. However ¸ in â€Å"Those Winter Days†, the narrator is fearful of their father; fearing the chronic angers of that house. In the poem, the narrator describes their father as one to be feared for their personality. In addition, the narrator includes

Future Crime Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Future Crime Scenario - Essay Example These issues affect all of us in one way or another. Genetic engineering is a public health issue as well as a criminal justice issue. It is a religious issue as well as an ethical issue. This essay will discuss whether there are victims of this type of crime, advocate a technology screening procedure for innovations of this sort, and suggest a few strategies to allow society a breathing time to evaluate these types of innovations prior to implementation. Victims: A Speculative Consideration The identification of victims in this scenario is complicated. It is complicated because people approach the issue from different points of view. As a preliminary matter, there are certainly potential victims. Whether these potential victims will ever become actual victims is unknown. These potential victims can be broken down into the following categories: (1) the organism itself, (2) animals subjected to testing, (3)humans subjected to testing, (4) the environment, and (5) the human being receiving the transplant. Initially, there is debate as to whether the organism created is entitled to the status of a human being. Is the organism, in short, a victim To the extant that the organism is engineered for a very specific purpose, human organ growth, attempts to characterize the organism as a victim are not persuasive. Animals subjected to testing are clearly victims. They suffer physical and emotional pain. That said, animal suffering can be minimized through a careful technology screening process. Human test is a different situation. To that degree that human beings volunteer for testing they are not really victims. This assumes, however, that they are well-informed of all possible risks at the outset and not suffering from any duress which might affect... This essay declares that genetic engineering is a field that excites many passions. To be sure, it also instills many fears. One of the doctor’s main objectives in this scenario is to genetically create and improve an organism for use in human organ growth and transplant. On a superficial level, this sounds reasonable. The potential benefits of human organ growth and transplant are substantial and, potentially, far-reaching. It has been noted that â€Å"the human diseases treatable by transplantation are diverse†. This paper stresses that the identification of victims in this scenario is complicated. It is complicated because people approach the issue from different points of view. As a preliminary matter, there are certainly potential victims. Whether these potential victims will ever become actual victims is unknown. To the extant that the organism is engineered for a very specific purpose, human organ growth, attempts to characterize the organism as a victim are not persuasive. Animals subjected to testing are clearly victims. They suffer physical and emotional pain. That said, animal suffering can be minimized through a careful technology screening process. Human test is a different situation. To that degree that human beings volunteer for testing they are not really victims. The most complicated issue is the effects of these genetically created organisms on the environment.

How small firms differ from large businesses

How small firms differ from large businesses Penrose (1959) stated that small and large firms are as fundamentally different from each other as a caterpillar is from a butterfly; they identify those characteristics of the small firm, other than size, which distinguish it from the larger enterprise. Thus, while creating, establishing and running a small business, these characteristics will influence the small business owners approaches and management style compared to large ones. Wynarczyk et al (1993) argue that there are three central respects in which small firms are different to large firms: Uncertainty The first key area of differences is uncertainty. With regard to uncertainty, three dimensions have been identified: The first uncertainty is the lack of market power, Thus, when creating and establishing a small business, the owner should have a clearer approach of the lack of market power as an external uncertainty. This associates small businesses as the price-taker as they have no power to set prices, as the threats of new entrants is high. However, it can be argued that it depends on what type of small businesses does the owner want to create, establish and run. For instance, focusing on niche markets with good customer-engagement approach, such as a small holiday agency, will make small businesses to have an influence in setting their prices. Hence, small businesses have to seek to compete in other ways such as service, quality, and timeliness. In contrast, large businesses are the price-maker due to high market power; this has to be used carefully to avoid attracting the attention of competition authorities. So, market prices are strongly influenced by large businesses that, through scale economies, should be able to set low prices. The marketing approach would be to use an integrated communication mix such as, mass advertising and PR, as their financial resources allow them to do so. Thus, the competitive focus of small and large businesses is likely to differ sharply. The second source of uncertainty for small firms is their limited customer and product base. A classic example is where small firms simply act as subcontractors to larger firms. Such firms are open to subcontractor vulnerability (Lyons and Bailey, 1993), which is created not only by dependence on dominant customers, but also upon the extent to which output is specialised to particular customers. The smaller firm clearly perceives to be more vulnerable than the larger firm and acts accordingly (Lyons and Bailey, 1993). The third uncertainty relates to the much greater diversity of objectives of the owners of small firms, compared with large firms. Many small business owners seek only to obtain a minimum level of income rather than maximising sales or profits (Storey 1994). Small business owners do not have to concern themselves with reporting their actions to external shareholders and so performance monitoring effectively do not exist. For a small firm, the relationship between the business and the owner is very much closer than it is between the shareholder and the large firm, and so the motivation of the owner of the small firm is a key influence upon the small firm performance (Storey, 1994). Large firm emphasises the importance of control. The central issue is how the owners of the business ensure that the managers of the business act in their interest, and how senior managers exert control over more junior managers. This form of internal conflict is largely absent in small firms (Storey, 1994) where ownership and control are located in the hands of a few people or even a single individual, thus, while running a small business, the owner will adopt a more dynamic and organic management style. In contrast, large businesses are more likely to suffer from internal uncertainty, defined by Curran and Blackburn (2001), as an inability to deliver a product or service consistently throughout the organisation. Much managerial time in large businesses is devoted to address this issue with therefore formality and procedures implemented. Hence, the large businesses tend to have a bureaucratic management style with formal control over performance. Innovation A second key area of difference between small and large firms is their approach to innovation. The role small firms play in innovation relates to their niche role where: it is the ability of the small firm to provide something marginally different, in terms of product or service, which distinguishes it from the more standardised product or service provided by the larger firm (Storey, 1994: 11-12). Small firms are more likely to introduce fundamentally new innovations than larger firms, a feature often attributed to small firms having less commitment to existing practices and products (Pavitt et al. 1987). However, Schumpeter (1934) has provided empirical evidence that large businesses use static measures, and are more innovative than smaller businesses. This is because most small businesses do not set out to be innovative: at best, their key innovation is just to enter a given market. Furthermore, Van Praag and Versloot (2007) stated that small businesses are likely to commercialise innovations but less likely to adopt innovations. However, large businesses innovation capitalise on heavy expenditure on formal research and development. While most small businesses do not innovate, and many fewer undertake formal research and development, those that do are able to bring ideas to the marketplace quickly if they are able to access suitable funding. Evolution The third area of difference between small and large firms is the greater likelihood of evolution and change in the smaller firm (Storey, 1994). Small firms that become larger undergo a number of stage changes which influence the approaches and style of management as well as the structure of the organisation (Scott and Bruce, 1987) than is the case for larger firms (Storey, 1994). Thus, creating, establishing and running a new small business has different approaches, management styles and skills learn through experience, at different stages of the small business development. Churchill and Lewis (1983) summarised the Five Stages of Small Business Growth stating that small businesses have varied management styles and approaches according to the stage the small business is in. For example, being at the existence stage (creating and establishing), the owner has direct supervision management style; his major strategy approach would be to stay alive, thus, there would be no formal systems to follow. Figure : source http://www.tameer.org.pk/images/The_Five_Stages_Of_Small_Business_Growth.pdf [accessed on 17/11/2010] However, not all small businesses grow; some of them fail to survive due to the lack of environmental scanning; finance or planning. Moreover, Hakim (1989), in her survey of approximately 750,000 UK businesses, 55 per cent had no plans for growth, at a time when the economy was growing. The finding was clearly influenced by business size, with 60 per cent of businesses with fewer than 3 workers having no growth aspirations, compared with only 2 per cent of those with 25-49 employees. Hence, the smaller the operational size of the business the less likely it is to seek to increase its scale or growth. Skills Required to Create, Establish and Run a Small Business A skill is simply a knowledge which is demonstrated by action. It is an ability to perform in a certain way. The Five-Must Skills Requires when creating; establishing and running the Small Business Planning skills Personal skills and characteristics Sales and marketing skills Accounting and financial skills Administrative skills These are the basic skills necessary to enable the small business owner to start, develop, finance, and market his small business. Apart from all these skills mentioned, other important skills are needed to run a business mainly: leadership skills; human skills; conceptual skills and technical skills. Planning skills Creating a new business is the pre-start-up phase where planning skills are very important. While creating the business, an appropriate business plan is required which explain the business concept and model (Justin et al 2002). The business plan will require the owner or shareholder to have an organisation-wide approach skill as it consists of the business model, financial, marketing and operational management plan. The approaches towards the business plan in small and large businesses differ. According to (Bridge et al. 1998), the preparation of business plan may be unsuitable for small businesses due to the dynamic changes in the environment. Small business has a more tactical approach to planning as they concentrate on the survival and stability strategy at the creating and establishing stage and an emergent strategy at the running stage In addition, Paul D. Hannon and Andrew Atherton (1997) developed a model of planning in the journal of small firm success and show that there is a critical relationship between planning in small business and strategic awareness capability which lead to the small business success known as the successful orienteer. Nevertheless, this is not always the case for small business owner to be a successful orienteer due to the internal and external factors affecting them. However, in large businesses, they have a strategic (long term vision) approach as regard to their business plan. They emphasised the corporate level of strategy (Philip S, 2003) which aim for the stability and growth. The corporate strategy seek to grow the business by implementing long term marketing strategies (the Ansoff Matrix) and also to achieve higher profitability, sales revenue and to have better competitive advantages over its rivals. Figure : Ansoff Matrix (2007 When creating; establishing and running a small business time management skills are also essential. The small owner should be able to create a work life balance. Small business owner may spend too much time at work. Moreover, their main motivation is their income to satisfy their family needs, thus, they should make effective decisions to balance their business life with their personal life. Figure : The business/Personal overlap In contrast, large businesses have an effective time management skills, due to formal procedures of meeting deadlines and being compliance with legal proceedings. Personal skills In the early stages of business development, the personal characteristics and skills of the small business owner will influence the management style of the business. Thus, the individual attributes influence the skills of the owner which shapes the leadership outcomes. General cognitive ability Motivation Personality Individual attributes Problem solving skills Social judgement skills Knowledge Competencies Leadership outcomes Effective problem solving Performance Table : the three components of the skills model pg. 41 According to Lundberg (1985), the personal skills and characteristics such as problem-solver, determination, self-discipline, analytical skills, good judgement of characters and so on, motivate the small business owner to create and establish and also run his business successfully, and as Birley (1996) mentioned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.The owner perceives the business as an extension of his or her personality, intricately bound with family needs and desires. However, many small businesses fail compare to large businesses because they run their business as an extension of their personality. For example, if the small business owner is introvert, quite assertive, make his own decision rather than consulting subordinates or explore the external environment, he/she is more prone to adopt the closed and indirect management style rather than open and direct management style (David A 1993) which may result in failure. The self-motivating skills and aspirations of small business owners are also different from those who operate large businesses. Miner (1997) concluded that small business owners are motivated by their performance, independence, status and family needs. Gray (2002); Hart and Oulton (1996), some are lifestyle owners of small businesses whose object is primarily to obtain a comfortable living for themselves, it may be a hobby that generate incomes or to pass on their business to family members. In contrast, a minority may wish to grow their business rapidly. However, owners or shareholders of large businesses seek to maximise the value of the company. The task management is to achieve this maximisation of shareholders value by seeking profit maximisation and continuous growth and expansion. In addition, the management style will be mostly influenced by the organisational culture, which consists of six elements according to Johnson and Scholes (1992). Figure : Johnson Cultural Web (1992) Networking skills including interpersonal skills are also important. Networks can be defined as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ a firms set of relationships with other organisations (Perez and Sanchez 2002:261). In essence, what Birley (2002) suggests is that individuals use their networks to gain legitimation and resources for their established business. Without the benefit of such support, the implication is that many new established (start-up) businesses would be stillborn. The social network approach differ from the way small businesses use it compared to large ones in order to support the development of their business. Small businesses uses the support of its family, limited customers base and other owners of small businesses to develop the establish organisation whereas, large businesses use a pool of social network (stakeholders). Thus, Birley states the credibility is lower in small businesses, than in large businesses due to the lack of market power and sources of funds to satisfy the suppliers and customers. Figure : The credibility cycle (Sue Birley and David Norburn, 1976) Sales and Marketing skills The business should create awareness of his product or service and distinguish them from their competitors by effective marketing skills. The business then needs to be able to convert interest into cash! This is where sales, oral communication, negotiation skills and interpersonal skills come in. Thus, the small business owner should rely on their effective sales and marketing skills to maintain and acquire good customer relationship. For example, identify the sales opportunity, be confident to handle objection and negotiate to reach win-win situation (Fred E, 1987). In large business, lot of finances are put towards sales and marketing. In addition, specialist sales and marketing manager, with high competence, expertise and knowledge, are those who deal with different sales and marketing techniques to be implemented in order to have good customer relationship and expand their product/market portfolio. Besides, in large businesses, brand positioning plays a big role in their marketing strategy. Shocker et al. (1994) and Hatten and Schendel (1977) reveals that in large businesses, brand can be a positive factor influencing sales. It provides the customer with the awareness leading to confidence and ultimately loyalty. They also showed that small businesses such as hairdresser; pubs, corner shops etc., have no brand value, apart from some local loyalty. Thus, protecting a positive brand image is vital for large businesses. Accounting and Financial skills When creating, establishing and running a small business, the most important skill that the owner should possess is the financial skill. To implement the business idea, source of finance is required to start-up and run the establishment. Financial skills include: planning annual budget; cash flow forecast, effective management of the cash cycle; avoid overtrading and the profit and loss account should be analysed. In small businesses the owner has hands-on skills, thus, such financial skills are needed to survive and remain in existence. However, large businesses are in better advantage as they not only have specialist financial analysts to analyse their accounts and prepare their budgets, but the banks and building societies also help them. In addition, Ang (1991), conducted empirical evidence and stated that small businesses are funded primarily from the owners savings and retained profits and the use of external equity is rare. Small businesses pay higher interest rates on borrowed funds than large businesses, which have a wide choice of sources of finance. Thus, the small businesses faces lots of financial difficulties as mentioned in the figure below. Figure : The Financial Skills face by Small Business Owners by Jonathan Tucker and Jonathan Lean -2003 Administrative skills Administrative skills include a wide range of organisational and technical skills from planning, organising, scheduling and to staffing. Thus, a small business owner should possess administrative skills, such as good filing procedure for the billings, invoices and so. In contrast, large businesses normally have the finance to invest in latest technology in order to manage their administrative skills. Key Differences in Running Small businesses and Large Businesses: Skills; Approaches and Management style The management styles are distinctive ways of making decisions and relating to subordinates. Different management styles can be used dependent on the culture of the business, the nature of the task, the nature of the workforce and the personality and skills of the owners or leaders. As discussed in the essay, the small business owners skills are more or less the same as the entrepreneurial skills, they adopt an adaptive and organic management style whereas large businesses ownership skills are more predictive and mechanist which relate to their autocratic management style. Figure : Differences between the small business management skills and management style compared to large ones (Beaven and Jenning- 1995) However, stating that large businesses have a more autocratic management style due to its bureaucratic organisational structure, is too generalised, ignoring the fact that the management styles and the relative importance of the skills (technical; decision-making and interpersonal skills) varies within the level of management. Management level Primary Management Skills needed Primary Management Functions Performed Management or leadership styles Top Decision-Making and Interpersonal skills Planning and Organising Participative leadership style Middle Balance of Interpersonal; Technical; and Decision-Making skills Balance of all five functions (Planning; Organising; Controlling; staffing and Leading) Balance of autocratic; democratic and paternalistic as result to circumstances First-Line Technical and Interpersonal Skills leading and controlling Balance of democratic and autocratic as result to circumstances Table : Skill needed; Function performed and Management styles used at different management levels. Source: lassier (2002) In addition, the culture prevails in the organisation will shape the organisational structure. Nowadays, many large businesses, such as BQ are concentrating in developing a flat structure, with more flexibility. Besides, approaches and management styles changes according to circumstances and objectives. Skills can quickly become obsolete if owners or shareholders are not constantly updating them. Thus, training and development and knowledge management of the owners and employees are very crucial. In small businesses, owners management style will be influenced by their skills and characteristics, thus, stating that due to informal control and undifferentiated roles, the small businesses have an organic or flatter structure due to fewer tiers is not always the case. Some small businesses fail as some owners are autocratic as they want things to be done their way and are often the one who makes decisions without consulting the employees and analysing the external environment. The table below will provide evidences of the key differences between small and large businesses as regard to the running of the business which will influence the owners skills, approaches and management style. Aspect (Evidence) Small Business Large Business What difference does it make? Strategy (Man et al. 2002; Rangone 1999) Has to be flexible since it lacks the opportunity to reap scale economies. So, more likely to develop an emergent strategy The large business will seek to exploit its price advantages, and advantage obtained by heavy investment in people, fixed assets or research and development The development of new markets and particular new industries has often been pioneered by smaller businesses. Once, those industries have become established, average business size increases because economies of scale become important Political influence (Dannreuther 1999) The individual small business, acting alone, will have minimal impact on government. Large businesses are widely consulted by governments, even at the early stage when legislation is considered. Large businesses have considerable power and can influence the formulation of government policy. If legislation. However, large businesses argue that, whilst they comply fully with legislation, smaller businesses can avoid enforcement by avoiding the scrutiny of government. Wages and benefits for workers (Brown et al. 1990; Troske, 1999) Small businesses generally pay lower wages and provide fewer fringe benefits Larger businesses pay higher wages and provide more fringe benefits Large and small businesses hire different types of worker. The small business worker is more likely to be either old or young, attracted by a team ethnic and less likely to have formal qualifications. Human resources (Vickers et al. 2005; Forth et al. 2006) At their best, small businesses provide a happy environment in which to work. At, their worst, they can be unsafe, exploitative, working environments. Large businesses are more likely to attract prime age workers, with formal qualifications, and those seeking a career. Overall, job satisfaction appears to be higher in small than in large businesses. Large business workers are likely to receive a higher remuneration package but small business workers may derive greater satisfaction from flexibility and sense of teamwork. Training and Recruitment (Carroll et al. 1999; Storey 2005) Small businesses provide less training and recruit new staff through informal channels. Large businesses are much more likely to provide formal training and use formal channels to recruit new staff. Small businesses, because they emphasise the use of informal procedures, are viewed by some as backward. But this is to misunderstand the motivations and constraints of small business owners. What is less clear is whether small businesses provide more informal training than large ones. Competitive advantages (Jennings and Breaver 1997) Flexible, responsive to the customer. Able to undertake investment and provide a more comprehensive service. Large businesses can reap scale economies, so they are more likely to be able to compete on price. They are also able to supply a wider range of liked services, avoiding the need for customers to have to shop around. Table : The key differences between small and large businesses; Source: Storey and Greene (2010) Conclusion Thus, creating, establishing and running a small business does require some of the skills as operating large ones, but the approaches and management styles will be different to large and small businesses due to their differences in characteristics and the different factors affecting them internally and externally. Besides, the small business owners do have different goals, plan, skills and approaches. For example, a small business owner has undifferentiated roles, thus need to have a hand-on skills to promote diversity and flexibility. However, it was also mentioned that skills and management style varies upon the levels of management and also people are different individuals who use different management styles according to the circumstances and objectives. The key advantage of the small business is that while the external uncertainty they experienced are greater than large businesses, they experienced less internal uncertainties due to their close control over the business. In addition, small businesses see themselves as customer focused, placing emphasis on service. However, generalisation is untrue: that all small businesses have lack of market power and do not grow. For example, the crematorium, a small business was able to exert real market power over a competitor. We should not forget as well that skills; approaches and management style of small businesses would be different to large businesses because small businesses tend to be higher in the risk of failure. The main reasons are normally lack of contingency plans, poor risk assessment done and lack of leadership style. This is why small businesses concentrate on cash rather than profit (Birley, 1992).